Dual-use technologies, which serve both civilian and military purposes, are creating serious cybersecurity vulnerabilities as civilian firms supplying the defense sector often lack the rigorous security protocols of the military industry. The risk is growing as artificial intelligence amplifies both offensive and defensive capabilities, making it a true double-edged sword.
Speaking at the CYBERSEC EXPO & FORUM 2026, Wojciech Górecki, a dual-use expert at the AGH University of Science and Technology’s Cybersecurity Center, emphasized that no military or civilian solution can ever be one hundred percent secure. He argued for a multi-layered security approach where even if one layer fails, others catch the problem. The key, he said, is to design systems with security in mind from the very start – a principle known as „security by design.”
Górecki pointed to a telling example of a tiny component hidden in telecommunications equipment from China, capable of transmitting data to an external system, illustrating how difficult full supply chain control really is.
Despite technological advances, the human factor remains the biggest challenge in cybersecurity. Hackers have long relied on psychology and sociology rather than sophisticated technology to break through defenses. Górecki stressed that social engineering and human behavior continue to be critical weak points that demand constant attention.
The double-edged nature of artificial intelligence
Artificial intelligence has already changed the cybersecurity paradigm, serving both defenders and attackers. AI has multiplied data analysis capabilities thousands of times, enabling rapid detection of anomalies and vulnerabilities. This allows for automated defense but also gives adversaries the tools to launch precise, fast attacks.
– AI is a tool that can be used for defense or attack, like a hammer that can build or destroy – said Górecki.
This dual-use nature of AI has already led to restrictions on large language models. Górecki noted that the most advanced LLMs, developed in the United States, were initially available worldwide but then had their access limited. The reason was strategic: these models offered such enormous possibilities for both defense and attack that they became strategic tools.
Long-term vision needed for defense technology
The rapid pace of technological change demands a shift in how defense technologies are funded and developed. The traditional project-based approach – from point A to point B – is no longer sufficient. Technologies require continuous development and updates to stay effective in a fast-changing threat environment.
– Few people realize that a drone, for example, becomes obsolete in three years. It will still work, but it will no longer be optimal for the market or for achieving our goals – said Górecki.
He called for long-term funding models that allow for sustained product development, and for closer cooperation between clients like the military, police, and fire services, and researchers and entrepreneurs. Contracts should continue even after delivery, supporting testing and training to maintain industrial competence and expertise.
– The military, even when ordering equipment for storage, should place more orders to provide a kind of intravenous drip for industry, allowing it to develop products – Górecki added.
He cited the example of local drone manufacturers in Poland who have production potential but need stable conditions and regulations to cooperate effectively with state institutions. Interestingly, drones were first developed in the civilian sector and only later adapted by the military – a reversal of the traditional technology transfer model.
Źródło: WNP.PL, Fot. WNP.PL
