Technologies with dual military and civilian use are creating new cybersecurity gaps, as civilian firms often lack the rigorous security protocols of the defense industry. Artificial intelligence is already being used both to defend and attack in cyberspace, dramatically accelerating and complicating the security landscape. The key challenge remains human behavior, despite rapid technological advances.
During the CYBERSEC EXPO & FORUM 2026, Wojciech Górecki, a dual-use expert from the Cybersecurity Center at AGH University of Science and Technology, highlighted the growing risks. He pointed out that no solution – military or civilian – can ever be one hundred percent secure. Planning must involve multiple layers of protection so that if one layer fails, the next one catches the problem.
Górecki emphasized the need for a “security by design” approach, building security into every stage of development. As an example, he cited a tiny hidden component found in telecommunications equipment from China, capable of transmitting data to an external system. This illustrates how difficult full supply chain control can be.
Artificial intelligence as a strategic weapon
Górecki noted that artificial intelligence has changed the cybersecurity paradigm. It multiplies the ability to analyze data thousands of times, allowing rapid detection of anomalies and vulnerabilities. While this enables automated defense, it also helps adversaries launch precise and fast attacks.
– AI is a tool that can be used for both defense and attack, just like a hammer can serve construction or be a weapon – explained Wojciech Górecki.
This double-edged nature has already influenced the development of large language models (LLMs). Górecki pointed out that top American LLMs were initially available globally, but later restricted. The reason: they offered such immense capabilities for both defense and attack that they became a strategic asset.
Human factor and long-term funding
Despite technological progress, the greatest challenge in cybersecurity remains the human factor. Górecki recalled that many hackers succeed primarily by exploiting psychology and social engineering, not advanced tech. Social engineering continues to be a critical vulnerability that requires constant attention.
– We must provide conditions that allow for product development over the long term, not just short-term projects – said Wojciech Górecki.
He argued that the old project-based approach, “from point A to point B,” is insufficient for dual-use technologies. For example, a drone becomes obsolete within three years. To maintain competitiveness, financing must be continuous, and collaboration between buyers (military, police, fire services) and scientists and entrepreneurs is essential. Górecki called for larger, steady orders from the military – not just for storage but also for testing and training – to support industry development and maintain skills.
He also noted a shift in drone technology development: initially driven by the civilian sector, later adapted by the military, reversing the traditional trend. Polish local drone producers have production potential but need stable regulations and procurement to work effectively with state institutions.
Źródło: wnp.pl, Fot. wnp.pl
